Improvement: Change fading mechanism

- Change fading mechanism for better modularity. Remove fade queue and
  use members in struct _win to record fading data. In contrast to
  previous commits, this one actually could make the program slower (but
  very slightly, hardly noticeable if your CPU is anywhere close to AMD
  K7). As this commit changes lots of things, bugs are to be expected.

- Currently -F does not do its job. -f actually equals -fF. (While in
  the past -F equals nothing and -f is just -f.) A fix will be made
  soon. I suppose it isn't hard.

- Add a preprocessor function paint_preprocess() and move all
  preprocessing code in paint_all() to it.

- Add window flag support but currently unused.

- Add DamageNotify handling to ev_window().

- I'm considering removing HAS_NAME_WINDOW_PIXMAP = 0 support as I
  couldn't see what it is good for. Nor do I know what CAN_DO_USABLE
  does. Basically all my changes ignore these cases.

src/compton.c

@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@
 struct timeval time_start = { 0, 0 };
 
 win *list;
-fade *fades;
 Display *dpy;
 int scr;
 
@@ -97,10 +96,12 @@ int shadow_offset_x = -15;
 int shadow_offset_y = -15;
 double shadow_opacity = .75;
 
-double fade_in_step = 0.028;
+/// How much to fade in in a single fading step.
-double fade_out_step = 0.03;
+opacity_t fade_in_step = 0.028 * OPAQUE;
-int fade_delta = 10;
+/// How much to fade out in a single fading step.
-int fade_time = 0;
+opacity_t fade_out_step = 0.03 * OPAQUE;
+unsigned long fade_delta = 10;
+unsigned long fade_time = 0;
 Bool fade_trans = False;
 
 Bool clear_shadow = False;
@@ -125,7 +126,13 @@ Bool synchronize = False;
  * Fades
  */
 
-static int
+/**
+ * Get current system clock in milliseconds.
+ *
+ * The return type must be unsigned long because so many milliseconds have
+ * passed since the epoch.
+ */
+static unsigned long
 get_time_in_milliseconds() {
   struct timeval tv;
 
@@ -134,153 +141,70 @@ get_time_in_milliseconds() {
   return tv.tv_sec * 1000 + tv.tv_usec / 1000;
 }
 
-static fade *
+/**
-find_fade(win *w) {
+ * Get the time left before next fading point.
-  fade *f;
+ *
-
+ * In milliseconds.
-  for (f = fades; f; f = f->next) {
+ */
-    if (f->w == w) return f;
-  }
-
-  return 0;
-}
-
-static void
-dequeue_fade(Display *dpy, fade *f) {
-  fade **prev;
-
-  for (prev = &fades; *prev; prev = &(*prev)->next) {
-    if (*prev == f) {
-      *prev = f->next;
-      if (f->callback) {
-        (*f->callback)(dpy, f->w);
-      }
-      free(f);
-      break;
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-static void
-cleanup_fade(Display *dpy, win *w) {
-  fade *f = find_fade (w);
-  if (f) {
-    dequeue_fade(dpy, f);
-  }
-}
-
-static void
-enqueue_fade(Display *dpy, fade *f) {
-  if (!fades) {
-    fade_time = get_time_in_milliseconds() + fade_delta;
-  }
-  f->next = fades;
-  fades = f;
-}
-
-static void
-set_fade(Display *dpy, win *w, double start,
-         double finish, double step,
-         void(*callback) (Display *dpy, win *w),
-         Bool exec_callback, Bool override) {
-  fade *f;
-
-  f = find_fade(w);
-  if (!f) {
-    f = malloc(sizeof(fade));
-    f->next = 0;
-    f->w = w;
-    f->cur = start;
-    enqueue_fade(dpy, f);
-  } else if (!override) {
-    return;
-  } else {
-    if (exec_callback && f->callback) {
-      (*f->callback)(dpy, f->w);
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (finish < 0) finish = 0;
-  if (finish > 1) finish = 1;
-  f->finish = finish;
-
-  if (f->cur < finish) {
-    f->step = step;
-  } else if (f->cur > finish) {
-    f->step = -step;
-  }
-
-  f->callback = callback;
-  set_opacity(dpy, w, f->cur * OPAQUE);
-
-  /* fading windows need to be drawn, mark
-     them as damaged.  when a window maps,
-     if it tries to fade in but it already
-     at the right opacity (map/unmap/map fast)
-     then it will never get drawn without this
-     until it repaints */
-  w->damaged = 1;
-}
-
 static int
 fade_timeout(void) {
-  int now;
+  int diff = fade_delta - get_time_in_milliseconds() + fade_time;
-  int delta;
 
-  if (!fades) return -1;
+  if (diff < 0)
+    diff = 0;
 
-  now = get_time_in_milliseconds();
+  return diff;
-  delta = fade_time - now;
-
-  if (delta < 0) delta = 0;
-
-  return delta;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Run fading on a window.
+ *
+ * @param steps steps of fading
+ */
 static void
-run_fades(Display *dpy) {
+run_fade(Display *dpy, win *w, unsigned steps) {
-  int now = get_time_in_milliseconds();
+  // If we reach target opacity, set fade_fin so the callback gets
-  fade *next = fades;
+  // executed
-  int steps;
+  if (w->opacity == w->opacity_tgt) {
-  Bool need_dequeue;
+    w->fade_fin = True;
-
+    return;
-  if (fade_time - now > 0) return;
-  steps = 1 + (now - fade_time) / fade_delta;
-
-  while (next) {
-    fade *f = next;
-    win *w = f->w;
-    next = f->next;
-
-    f->cur += f->step * steps;
-    if (f->cur >= 1) {
-      f->cur = 1;
-    } else if (f->cur < 0) {
-      f->cur = 0;
   }
 
-    w->opacity = f->cur * OPAQUE;
+  if (!w->fade)
-    need_dequeue = False;
+    w->opacity = w->opacity_tgt;
-    if (f->step > 0) {
+  else if (steps) {
-      if (f->cur >= f->finish) {
+    // Use double below because opacity_t will probably overflow during
-        w->opacity = f->finish * OPAQUE;
+    // calculations
-        need_dequeue = True;
+    if (w->opacity < w->opacity_tgt)
-      }
+      w->opacity = normalize_d_range(
-    } else {
+          (double) w->opacity + (double) fade_in_step * steps,
-      if (f->cur <= f->finish) {
+          0.0, w->opacity_tgt);
-        w->opacity = f->finish * OPAQUE;
+    else
-        need_dequeue = True;
+      w->opacity = normalize_d_range(
-      }
+          (double) w->opacity - (double) fade_out_step * steps,
+          w->opacity_tgt, OPAQUE);
   }
 
-    determine_mode(dpy, w);
+  if (w->opacity == w->opacity_tgt) {
-
+    w->fade_fin = True;
-    /* Must do this last as it might
+    return;
-       destroy f->w in callbacks */
-    if (need_dequeue) dequeue_fade(dpy, f);
   }
 
-  fade_time = now + fade_delta;
+  w->fade_fin = False;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Set fade callback of a window, and possibly execute the previous
+ * callback.
+ *
+ * @param exec_callback whether the previous callback is to be executed
+ */
+static void
+set_fade_callback(Display *dpy, win *w,
+    void (*callback) (Display *dpy, win *w), Bool exec_callback) {
+  if (exec_callback && w->fade_callback)
+    (w->fade_callback)(dpy, w);
+  w->fade_callback = callback;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -1003,62 +927,39 @@ get_frame_extents(Display *dpy, Window w,
   }
 }
 
-static void
+static win *
-paint_all(Display *dpy, XserverRegion region) {
+paint_preprocess(Display *dpy, win *list) {
   win *w;
-  win *t = 0;
+  win *t = NULL, *next = NULL;
+  // Sounds like the timeout in poll() frequently does not work
+  // accurately, asking it to wait to 20ms, and often it would wait for
+  // 19ms, so the step value has to be rounded.
+  unsigned steps = roundl((double) (get_time_in_milliseconds() - fade_time) / fade_delta);
 
-  if (!region) {
+  // Reset fade_time
-    region = get_screen_region(dpy);
+  fade_time = get_time_in_milliseconds();
-  }
 
-#ifdef MONITOR_REPAINT
+  for (w = list; w; w = next) {
-  root_buffer = root_picture;
+    // In case calling the fade callback function destroys this window
-#else
+    next = w->next;
-  if (!root_buffer) {
+    opacity_t opacity_old = w->opacity;
-    Pixmap root_pixmap = XCreatePixmap(
-      dpy, root, root_width, root_height,
-      DefaultDepth(dpy, scr));
 
-    root_buffer = XRenderCreatePicture(dpy, root_pixmap,
-      XRenderFindVisualFormat(dpy, DefaultVisual(dpy, scr)),
-      0, 0);
-
-    XFreePixmap(dpy, root_pixmap);
-  }
-#endif
-
-  XFixesSetPictureClipRegion(dpy, root_picture, 0, 0, region);
-
-#ifdef MONITOR_REPAINT
-  XRenderComposite(
-    dpy, PictOpSrc, black_picture, None,
-    root_picture, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-    root_width, root_height);
-#endif
-
-#ifdef DEBUG_REPAINT
-  printf("paint:");
-#endif
-
-  for (w = list; w; w = w->next) {
 #if CAN_DO_USABLE
     if (!w->usable) continue;
 #endif
 
-    /* never painted, ignore it */
+    // Run fading
-    if (!w->damaged) continue;
+    run_fade(dpy, w, steps);
 
-    /* if invisible, ignore it */
+    // Give up if it's not damaged or invisible
-    if (w->a.x + w->a.width < 1 || w->a.y + w->a.height < 1
+    if (!w->damaged
+        || w->a.x + w->a.width < 1 || w->a.y + w->a.height < 1
         || w->a.x >= root_width || w->a.y >= root_height) {
+      check_fade_fin(dpy, w);
       continue;
     }
 
-#ifdef DEBUG_REPAINT
+    // Fetch the picture and pixmap if needed
-    printf(" %#010lx", w->id);
-#endif
-
     if (!w->picture) {
       XRenderPictureAttributes pa;
       XRenderPictFormat *format;
@@ -1078,6 +979,7 @@ paint_all(Display *dpy, XserverRegion region) {
         dpy, draw, format, CPSubwindowMode, &pa);
     }
 
+    // Fetch bounding region and extents if needed
     if (!w->border_size) {
       w->border_size = border_size(dpy, w);
     }
@@ -1086,6 +988,17 @@ paint_all(Display *dpy, XserverRegion region) {
       w->extents = win_extents(dpy, w);
     }
 
+    // If opacity changes
+    if (w->opacity != opacity_old) {
+      determine_mode(dpy, w);
+      add_damage_win(dpy, w);
+    }
+
+    if (!w->opacity) {
+      check_fade_fin(dpy, w);
+      continue;
+    }
+
     // Rebuild alpha_pict only if necessary
     if (OPAQUE != w->opacity
         && (!w->alpha_pict || w->opacity != w->opacity_cur)) {
@@ -1137,15 +1050,48 @@ paint_all(Display *dpy, XserverRegion region) {
     t = w;
   }
 
-#ifdef DEBUG_REPAINT
+  return t;
-  printf("\n");
+}
-  fflush(stdout);
+
+static void
+paint_all(Display *dpy, XserverRegion region, win *t) {
+  win *w;
+
+  if (!region) {
+    region = get_screen_region(dpy);
+  }
+
+#ifdef MONITOR_REPAINT
+  root_buffer = root_picture;
+#else
+  if (!root_buffer) {
+    Pixmap root_pixmap = XCreatePixmap(
+      dpy, root, root_width, root_height,
+      DefaultDepth(dpy, scr));
+
+    root_buffer = XRenderCreatePicture(dpy, root_pixmap,
+      XRenderFindVisualFormat(dpy, DefaultVisual(dpy, scr)),
+      0, 0);
+
+    XFreePixmap(dpy, root_pixmap);
+  }
 #endif
 
-  XFixesSetPictureClipRegion(dpy, root_buffer, 0, 0, region);
+  XFixesSetPictureClipRegion(dpy, root_picture, 0, 0, region);
+
+#ifdef MONITOR_REPAINT
+  XRenderComposite(
+    dpy, PictOpSrc, black_picture, None,
+    root_picture, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    root_width, root_height);
+#endif
 
   paint_root(dpy);
 
+#ifdef DEBUG_REPAINT
+  printf("paint:");
+#endif
+
   for (w = t; w; w = w->prev_trans) {
     int x, y, wid, hei;
 
@@ -1161,6 +1107,10 @@ paint_all(Display *dpy, XserverRegion region) {
     hei = w->a.height;
 #endif
 
+#ifdef DEBUG_REPAINT
+    printf(" %#010lx", w->id);
+#endif
+
     // Allow shadow to be painted anywhere in the damaged region
     XFixesSetPictureClipRegion(dpy, root_buffer, 0, 0, region);
 
@@ -1226,8 +1176,15 @@ paint_all(Display *dpy, XserverRegion region) {
     }
 
     XFixesDestroyRegion(dpy, paint_reg);
+
+    check_fade_fin(dpy, w);
   }
 
+#ifdef DEBUG_REPAINT
+  printf("\n");
+  fflush(stdout);
+#endif
+
   XFixesDestroyRegion(dpy, region);
 
   if (root_buffer != root_picture) {
@@ -1415,18 +1372,12 @@ map_win(Display *dpy, Window id,
   w->a.map_state = IsViewable;
   w->window_type = determine_wintype(dpy, w->id, w->id);
 
-  // Window type change could affect shadow
+  // Window type change could affect shadow and fade
-  {
-    Bool shadow_old = w->shadow;
   determine_shadow(dpy, w);
-    if (w->shadow != shadow_old) {
+  determine_fade(dpy, w);
-      calc_shadow_geometry(dpy, w);
+
-      if (w->extents) {
+  // Determine mode here just in case the colormap changes
-        free_region(dpy, &w->extents);
+  determine_mode(dpy, w);
-        w->extents = win_extents(dpy, w);
-      }
-    }
-  }
 
 #ifdef DEBUG_WINTYPE
   printf("map_win(): window %#010lx type %s\n",
@@ -1461,22 +1412,18 @@ map_win(Display *dpy, Window id,
     recheck_focus(dpy);
   }
 
+  // Fading in
   calc_opacity(dpy, w, True);
-  calc_dim(dpy, w);
+  set_fade_callback(dpy, w, NULL, True);
 
-  determine_mode(dpy, w);
+  calc_dim(dpy, w);
 
 #if CAN_DO_USABLE
   w->damage_bounds.x = w->damage_bounds.y = 0;
   w->damage_bounds.width = w->damage_bounds.height = 0;
 #endif
-  w->damaged = 0;
+  w->damaged = 1;
 
-  if (fade && win_type_fade[w->window_type]) {
-    set_fade(
-      dpy, w, 0, get_opacity_percent(dpy, w),
-      fade_in_step, 0, True, True);
-  }
 
   /* if any configure events happened while
      the window was unmapped, then configure
@@ -1508,12 +1455,10 @@ finish_unmap_win(Display *dpy, win *w) {
   free_picture(dpy, &w->shadow_pict);
 }
 
-#if HAS_NAME_WINDOW_PIXMAP
 static void
 unmap_callback(Display *dpy, win *w) {
   finish_unmap_win(dpy, w);
 }
-#endif
 
 static void
 unmap_win(Display *dpy, Window id, Bool fade) {
@@ -1523,6 +1468,10 @@ unmap_win(Display *dpy, Window id, Bool fade) {
 
   w->a.map_state = IsUnmapped;
 
+  // Fading out
+  w->opacity_tgt = 0;
+  set_fade_callback(dpy, w, unmap_callback, False);
+
   // don't care about properties anymore
   // Will get BadWindow if the window is destroyed
   set_ignore(dpy, NextRequest(dpy));
@@ -1532,14 +1481,6 @@ unmap_win(Display *dpy, Window id, Bool fade) {
     set_ignore(dpy, NextRequest(dpy));
     XSelectInput(dpy, w->client_win, 0);
   }
-
-#if HAS_NAME_WINDOW_PIXMAP
-  if (w->pixmap && fade && win_type_fade[w->window_type]) {
-    set_fade(dpy, w, get_opacity_percent(dpy, w), 0.0,
-             fade_out_step, unmap_callback, False, True);
-  } else
-#endif
-    finish_unmap_win(dpy, w);
 }
 
 static opacity_t
@@ -1594,15 +1535,6 @@ determine_mode(Display *dpy, win *w) {
   add_damage_win(dpy, w);
 }
 
-static void
-set_opacity(Display *dpy, win *w, opacity_t opacity) {
-  // Do nothing if the opacity does not change
-  if (w->opacity == opacity) return;
-
-  w->opacity = opacity;
-  determine_mode(dpy, w);
-}
-
 /**
  * Calculate and set the opacity of a window.
  *
@@ -1650,7 +1582,7 @@ calc_opacity(Display *dpy, win *w, Bool refetch_prop) {
     opacity = inactive_opacity;
   }
 
-  set_opacity(dpy, w, opacity);
+  w->opacity_tgt = opacity;
 }
 
 static void
@@ -1670,11 +1602,32 @@ calc_dim(Display *dpy, win *w) {
 }
 
 /**
- * Determine if a window should have shadow.
+ * Determine if a window should fade on opacity change.
+ */
+static void
+determine_fade(Display *dpy, win *w) {
+  w->fade = win_type_fade[w->window_type];
+}
+
+/**
+ * Determine if a window should have shadow, and update things depending
+ * on shadow state.
  */
 static void
 determine_shadow(Display *dpy, win *w) {
+  Bool shadow_old = w->shadow;
+
   w->shadow = win_type_shadow[w->window_type];
+
+  // Window extents need update on shadow state change
+  if (w->shadow != shadow_old) {
+    // Shadow geometry currently doesn't change on shadow state change
+    // calc_shadow_geometry(dpy, w);
+    if (w->extents) {
+      free_region(dpy, &w->extents);
+      w->extents = win_extents(dpy, w);
+    }
+  }
 }
 
 /**
@@ -1776,9 +1729,13 @@ add_win(Display *dpy, Window id, Window prev, Bool override_redirect) {
   new->shadow_dy = 0;
   new->shadow_width = 0;
   new->shadow_height = 0;
-  new->opacity = OPAQUE;
+  new->opacity = 0;
+  new->opacity_tgt = 0;
   new->opacity_cur = OPAQUE;
   new->opacity_prop = OPAQUE;
+  new->fade = False;
+  new->fade_callback = NULL;
+  new->fade_fin = False;
   new->alpha_pict = None;
   new->frame_opacity = 1.0;
   new->frame_opacity_cur = 1.0;
@@ -1976,7 +1933,6 @@ finish_destroy_win(Display *dpy, Window id) {
       free_picture(dpy, &w->shadow_pict);
       free_damage(dpy, &w->damage);
 
-      cleanup_fade(dpy, w);
       free(w);
       break;
     }
@@ -1994,17 +1950,12 @@ static void
 destroy_win(Display *dpy, Window id, Bool fade) {
   win *w = find_win(dpy, id);
 
-  if (w) w->destroyed = True;
+  if (w) {
+    w->destroyed = True;
 
-#if HAS_NAME_WINDOW_PIXMAP
+    // Fading out the window
-  if (w && w->pixmap && fade && win_type_fade[w->window_type]) {
+    w->opacity_tgt = 0;
-    set_fade(dpy, w, get_opacity_percent(dpy, w),
+    set_fade_callback(dpy, w, destroy_callback, False);
-      0.0, fade_out_step, destroy_callback,
-      False, True);
-  } else
-#endif
-  {
-    finish_destroy_win(dpy, id);
   }
 }
 
@@ -2273,6 +2224,8 @@ ev_window(XEvent *ev) {
       return ev->xcreatewindow.window;
     case ConfigureNotify:
       return ev->xconfigure.window;
+    case DestroyNotify:
+      return ev->xdestroywindow.window;
     case MapNotify:
       return ev->xmap.window;
     case UnmapNotify:
@@ -2748,6 +2701,7 @@ main(int argc, char **argv) {
   double shadow_red = 0.0;
   double shadow_green = 0.0;
   double shadow_blue = 0.0;
+  win *t;
 
   gettimeofday(&time_start, NULL);
 
@@ -2792,16 +2746,10 @@ main(int argc, char **argv) {
         }
         break;
       case 'I':
-        fade_in_step = atof(optarg);
+        fade_in_step = normalize_d(atof(optarg)) * OPAQUE;
-        if (fade_in_step <= 0) {
-          fade_in_step = 0.01;
-        }
         break;
       case 'O':
-        fade_out_step = atof(optarg);
+        fade_out_step = normalize_d(atof(optarg)) * OPAQUE;
-        if (fade_out_step <= 0) {
-          fade_out_step = 0.01;
-        }
         break;
       case 'c':
         for (i = 0; i < NUM_WINTYPES; ++i) {
@@ -2882,6 +2830,8 @@ main(int argc, char **argv) {
     track_focus = True;
   }
 
+  fade_time = get_time_in_milliseconds();
+
   dpy = XOpenDisplay(display);
   if (!dpy) {
     fprintf(stderr, "Can't open display\n");
@@ -2994,13 +2944,13 @@ main(int argc, char **argv) {
   ufd.fd = ConnectionNumber(dpy);
   ufd.events = POLLIN;
 
-  paint_all(dpy, None);
+  t = paint_preprocess(dpy, list);
+  paint_all(dpy, None, t);
 
   for (;;) {
     do {
       if (!QLength(dpy)) {
         if (poll(&ufd, 1, fade_timeout()) == 0) {
-          run_fades(dpy);
           break;
         }
       }
@@ -3009,9 +2959,10 @@ main(int argc, char **argv) {
       ev_handle((XEvent *)&ev);
     } while (QLength(dpy));
 
+    t = paint_preprocess(dpy, list);
     if (all_damage) {
       static int paint;
-      paint_all(dpy, all_damage);
+      paint_all(dpy, all_damage, t);
       paint++;
       XSync(dpy, False);
       all_damage = None;

src/compton.h

@@ -107,13 +107,12 @@ typedef struct _win {
   Bool destroyed;
   /// Cached width/height of the window including border.
   int widthb, heightb;
-  unsigned int left_width;
-  unsigned int right_width;
-  unsigned int top_width;
-  unsigned int bottom_width;
 
+  // Opacity-related members
   /// Current window opacity.
   opacity_t opacity;
+  /// Target window opacity.
+  opacity_t opacity_tgt;
   /// Opacity of current alpha_pict.
   opacity_t opacity_cur;
   /// Cached value of opacity window attribute.
@@ -121,13 +120,26 @@ typedef struct _win {
   /// Alpha mask Picture to render window with opacity.
   Picture alpha_pict;
 
+  // Fading-related members
+  /// Do not fade if it's false. Change on window type change.
+  /// Used by fading blacklist in the future.
+  Bool fade;
+  /// Callback to be called after fading completed.
+  void (*fade_callback) (Display *dpy, struct _win *w);
+  /// Whether fading is finished.
+  Bool fade_fin;
+
+  // Frame-opacity-related members
   /// Current window frame opacity. Affected by window opacity.
   double frame_opacity;
   /// Opacity of current frame_alpha_pict.
   opacity_t frame_opacity_cur;
   /// Alpha mask Picture to render window frame with opacity.
   Picture frame_alpha_pict;
+  /// Frame widths. Determined by client window attributes.
+  unsigned int left_width, right_width, top_width, bottom_width;
 
+  // Shadow-related members
   /// Whether a window has shadow. Affected by window type.
   Bool shadow;
   /// Opacity of the shadow. Affected by window opacity and frame opacity.
@@ -146,6 +158,7 @@ typedef struct _win {
   /// shadow opacity.
   Picture shadow_pict;
 
+  // Dim-related members
   /// Whether the window is to be dimmed.
   Bool dim;
 
@@ -165,16 +178,6 @@ typedef struct _conv {
   double *data;
 } conv;
 
-typedef struct _fade {
-  struct _fade *next;
-  win *w;
-  double cur;
-  double finish;
-  double step;
-  void (*callback) (Display *dpy, win *w);
-  Display *dpy;
-} fade;
-
 typedef enum {
   WIN_EVMODE_UNKNOWN,
   WIN_EVMODE_FRAME,
@@ -217,16 +220,30 @@ normalize_i_range(int i, int min, int max) {
   return i;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Normalize a double value to a specific range.
+ *
+ * @param d double value to normalize
+ * @param min minimal value
+ * @param max maximum value
+ * @return normalized value
+ */
+static inline double
+normalize_d_range(double d, double min, double max) {
+  if (d > max) return max;
+  if (d < min) return min;
+  return d;
+}
+
 /**
  * Normalize a double value to 0.\ 0 - 1.\ 0.
  *
  * @param d double value to normalize
+ * @return normalized value
  */
 static inline double
 normalize_d(double d) {
-  if (d > 1.0) return 1.0;
+  return normalize_d_range(d, 0.0, 1.0);
-  if (d < 0.0) return 0.0;
-  return d;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -388,32 +405,33 @@ win_get_children(Display *dpy, Window w,
   return True;
 }
 
-static int
+static unsigned long
 get_time_in_milliseconds(void);
 
-static fade *
-find_fade(win *w);
-
-static void
-dequeue_fade(Display *dpy, fade *f);
-
-static void
-cleanup_fade(Display *dpy, win *w);
-
-static void
-enqueue_fade(Display *dpy, fade *f);
-
-static void
-set_fade(Display *dpy, win *w, double start,
-         double finish, double step,
-         void(*callback) (Display *dpy, win *w),
-         Bool exec_callback, Bool override);
-
 static int
 fade_timeout(void);
 
 static void
-run_fades(Display *dpy);
+run_fade(Display *dpy, win *w, unsigned steps);
+
+static void
+set_fade_callback(Display *dpy, win *w,
+    void (*callback) (Display *dpy, win *w), Bool exec_callback);
+
+/**
+ * Execute fade callback of a window if fading finished.
+ */
+static inline void
+check_fade_fin(Display *dpy, win *w) {
+  if (w->fade_fin) {
+    set_fade_callback(dpy, w, NULL, True);
+    w->fade_fin = False;
+  }
+}
+
+static void
+set_fade_callback(Display *dpy, win *w,
+    void (*callback) (Display *dpy, win *w), Bool exec_callback);
 
 static double
 gaussian(double r, double x, double y);
@@ -476,8 +494,11 @@ get_frame_extents(Display *dpy, Window w,
                   unsigned int *top,
                   unsigned int *bottom);
 
+static win *
+paint_preprocess(Display *dpy, win *list);
+
 static void
-paint_all(Display *dpy, XserverRegion region);
+paint_all(Display *dpy, XserverRegion region, win *t);
 
 static void
 add_damage(Display *dpy, XserverRegion damage);
@@ -516,15 +537,15 @@ get_opacity_percent(Display *dpy, win *w);
 static void
 determine_mode(Display *dpy, win *w);
 
-static void
-set_opacity(Display *dpy, win *w, opacity_t opacity);
-
 static void
 calc_opacity(Display *dpy, win *w, Bool refetch_prop);
 
 static void
 calc_dim(Display *dpy, win *w);
 
+static void
+determine_fade(Display *dpy, win *w);
+
 static void
 determine_shadow(Display *dpy, win *w);